1.	SIGMA XI, THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SOCIETY
2.	BYLAWS OF THE SOCIETY
3.	BYLAW I. Activities of the Society. Activities appropriate to the
4.	fulfillment of the object of the Society include: the election to
5.	membership and associate membership in the Society of students,
6.	faculty members, investigators in research institutions and others
7.	who meet the requirements for membership set forth in Article II,
8.	Section 3 A and B of the Constitution; the maintenance of
9.	companionship among the membership in various fields of science
10.	through association with chapters; the holding of meetings for the
11.	discussion of scientific subjects; the publication of American
12.	Scientist and other publications devoted to the dissemination of
13.	scientific information, especially the results of research in progress;
14.	and the encouragement of scientific research through other means
15.	such as Grants-in-Aid of Research to individual investigators, the
16.	presentation of awards for excellence in research and the
17.	maintenance of the lectureship programs.
18.	BYLAW II. Membership in the Society
19.	Section 1. Membership of Chapters. A. Chapters. The
20.	membership of a chapter, subject to the requirements of Article IV,
21.	Section 1 of the Constitution, shall consist of the active Members and
22.	the active Associate Members who present satisfactory credentials
23.	showing election to membership in the Society, who request
24.	affiliation with the chapter and who are accepted by the chapter.
25.	They shall be recorded as such in the Headquarters of the Society.
26.	B. Membership-at-Large. The membership-at-large, subject to the
27.	requirements of Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution, shall
28.	consist of the active Members and the active Associate Members
29.	who are not affiliated with any chapter. They shall be recorded as
30.	such in the Headquarters of the Society.
31.	Section 2. Criteria for Membership. A. General Requirements.
32.	In the expanding field of science, enumeration of those disciplines
33.	appropriate to membership in the Society is not possible as the sole
34.	basis for defining the criteria for membership. For this reason,
35.	nomination of an individual engaged in scientific research may be
36.	made provided that the nominee is, by the quantitative emphasis of
37.	the work combined with its synthesis and qualitative stature, deemed
38.	eligible for nomination.
39.	B. Noteworthy Achievement. Noteworthy achievement in research
40.	specified for election or promotion to full membership, Article II,
41.	Section 3 A of the Constitution, must be evidenced by publications,
42.	patents, written reports or a thesis or dissertation. Membership in the
43.	Society is neither linked to the possession of any degree nor
44.	contingent upon belonging to some other organization.
45.	C. Research Aptitude. Research aptitude specified for election to
46.	associate membership, Article II, Section 3 B of the Constitution,
47.	must be evidenced by independent investigation. Associate
48.	membership is offered to encourage young investigators with
49.	promise to continue careers in research. In making the nomination
50.	for such membership, both the nominator and the seconder attest to
51.	the nominee's potential for future promotion to Member.
52.	Section 3. Nomination and Election and Initiation Procedures.
53.	A. Responsibility. The Committee designated by the Board will
54.	have responsibility to set policy regarding nomination, election, and
55.	initiation procedures. Changes in policy will be communicated to
56.	the chapters for a comment period of not less than 30 days. After the
57.	comment period the changes may be revised for a new comment
58.	period. Should fifteen (15) or more chapters object to a policy
59.	change in writing and objections cannot be resolved in a new
60.	comment period, the policy change will be held in abeyance until
61.	the next Assembly of Delegates where it will be presented for vote.
62.	Otherwise the policy change will be implemented upon the close of
63.	the comment period.
64.	B. Honorary Members. Honorary Members shall be initiated into
65.	the Society by the President, or by a person designated by the
66.	President, at a suitable ceremony.
67.	C. Pledge of the Society. Members-elect and Associate Members-
68.	elect shall be informed of the aims and objectives of the Society, and
69.	shall be required to assent, either orally or in writing to the president
70.	of the electing chapter or the president's deputy, or in writing to the
71.	Chair of the committee designated by the Board , to the following
72.	Pledge: "Do you hereby pledge yourself, in accordance with the
73.	purposes and objectives of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research
74.	Society, to encourage original investigations in science, to foster
75.	companionship and cooperation among scientists, to maintain honor,
76.	integrity and honesty in all scientific activities, and to assume the
77.	other continuing responsibilities of membership?" Members-elect
78.	and Associate Members-elect who attend a regular initiation are
79.	expected to have read the culture, mission and vision statements of
80.	the Society, whereupon they are admitted to membership in the
81.	Society.
82.	D. Certificate of Membership. (i) Members and Associate
83.	Members. Upon admission to membership, each new Member or
84.	Associate Member shall receive a certificate of membership which
85.	shall be in a form approved by the Assembly of Delegates, bear the
86.	Seal of the Society, and be signed by the President of the Society, the
87.	Executive Director, and the president and secretary of the electing
88.	chapter or the Chair of the committee designated by the Board. Each
89.	new Member or Associate Member shall also receive the official
90.	emblem, or the authorization to secure such emblem.
91.	(ii) Honorary Members. Honorary Members shall receive a
92.	suitable certificate of membership approved by the Board of
93.	Directors, bearing the Seal of the Society, and signed by the
94.	President and the Executive Director.
95.	Section 7. Changes in Membership Status. A. Active to Inactive
96.	Active members who fail to comply with the provisions of Article
97.	IV, Section 1 of the Constitution shall be transferred to inactive
98.	membership, and shall be recorded as such in the Headquarters of the
99.	Society.
100.	B. Inactive to Active. An inactive member may, at any time and at
101.	the member's discretion, be returned to active membership by
102.	complying with the provisions of Article IV, Section 1 of the
103.	Constitution, and by indicating to the Headquarters of the Society the
104.	chapter, or the membership-at-large, with which the member wishes
105.	to be affiliated. Such change shall be recorded appropriately in the
106.	Headquarters of the Society.
107.	C. Emeritus Status. Any active Member or Associate Member
108.	who has paid annual dues for the immediately preceding 10 years
109.	and who has reached the age of 65, or who, at any age, has paid
110.	annual dues for the immediately preceding 30 years, may upon
111.	retirement request emeritus status. This status permits continued
112.	active association with the Society as provided for in Bylaw IV,
113.	Section 1 A (iii).
114.	BYLAW III. Organization of the Society
115.	Section 1. Chapters. A. Chapters. (i) Location and
116.	Requirements for a Chapter. A chapter may be established by
117.	action of the Board of Directors, advised by a committee designated
118.	by the Board , at any location where scientific research is cultivated
119.	and promoted. Of considerable importance are evidences of official
120.	commitments to the development and support of research by the
121.	institution in the immediate and long-range future.
122.	Ordinarily locations approved for chapter status will be single
123.	educational, governmental, or industrial institutions whose
124.	permanency is reasonably assured. In some instances chapters may
125.	be approved at locations whose research strength and potential is
126.	dependent upon the combined research organizations of two or more
127.	institutions so situated physically that they can participate together as
128.	companions in zealous research.
129.	Before any petitioning group can be recommended for chapter status,
130.	a committee designated by the Board shall ascertain by inquiry,
131.	study, and visits, where appropriate, if the conditions at the
132.	institution(s) involved are conducive to further scientific research.
133.	(ii) The Petition. A petition for the granting of a charter for the
134.	establishment of a chapter shall be communicated to the Executive
135.	Director, who, in turn, shall refer it to the committee designated by
136.	the Board to determine the suitability of the petition. At least 18
137.	active members, of whom at least 9 must be full active Members,
138.	must agree in the petition to become members of the chapter. If the
139.	committee , by at least a three-fourths majority vote, recommends
140.	approval of the Board of Directors, and it, in turn, approves by a like
141.	vote, the Executive Director shall initiate the process of installation
142.	of a new chapter.
143.	(iii) Chapter Charter. Each charter for the establishment of a new
144.	chapter shall be signed by the President and the Executive Director,
145.	and shall be presented by the installing officer to the petitioning
146.	group at a special installation ceremony arranged by the petitioning
147.	group in consultation with the Executive Director. The form of the
148.	charter is set forth in Bylaw III, Section 1 D (i) and (ii) , below.
149.	(iv) Affiliation with a Chapter. A Member or Associate Member,
150.	upon presenting satisfactory credentials showing election to
151.	membership in the Society, and complying with the provisions of
152.	Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution, is entitled to appropriate
153.	membership in any chapter depending upon such relationship to the
154.	institution(s) hosting the chapter as said institution(s) may require.
155.	(v) Revocation of a Chapter Charter. Any chapter not in good
156.	standing (Bylaw III, 1C) will be placed on probation for a one year
157.	period by the committee designated by the Board to oversee chapter
158.	activities. If after one year on probation, a chapter has not returned
159.	to good standing, the committee may initiate the necessary action for
160.	revocation of the chapter's charter as indicated below. The charter of
161.	a chapter may be revoked by the Board of Directors, by a three-
162.	fourths majority vote of those present at a meeting of the Board,
163.	provided the Board action was taken in response to a three-fourths
164.	majority vote of the members of the committee present at a meeting
165.	following a thorough investigation of the chapter concerned and the
166.	taking of all possible remedial steps to preclude the necessity for
167.	such action by the committee.
168.	B. Good Standing of Chapters. The Committee designated by the
169.	Board will have responsibility to set policy regarding good standing
170.	of chapters. Changes in policy will be communicated to the chapters
171.	for a comment period of not less than 30 days. After the comment
172.	period the changes may be revised for a new comment period.
173.	Should fifteen (15) or more chapters object to a policy change in
174.	writing and objections cannot be resolved in a new comment period,
175.	the policy change will be held in abeyance until the next Assembly
176.	of Delegates where it will be presented for vote. Otherwise the
177.	policy change will be implemented upon the close of the comment
178.	period.
179.	C. (reserved)
180.	D. The Charter. The charter issued to a chapter shall contain two
181.	paragraphs, to wit:
182.	(i) First Paragraph. The first paragraph of the charter of a chapter
183.	shall be in the following form:
184.	"Be it hereby known that a charter for the establishment of a chapter
185.	of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society at .........to be known as
186.	the ........Chapter, is hereby granted to the following persons as
187.	Charter Members and Charter Associate Members, conveying to
188.	them and to their duly elected successors all the privileges and
189.	responsibilities conferred by the Constitution of the Society; (list of
190.	names)"
191.	(ii) Second Paragraph. The second paragraph of the charter of a
192.	chapter shall be in the following form:
193.	"In witness whereof, the signatures of the President and the
194.	Executive Director, together with the Seal of the Society, are
195.	hereunto affixed on the ..........day of ..........in the year......."
196.	E. Geographic Regions. Chapters located in North America are
197.	assigned to the geographic region in which they are located.
198.	Chapters located outside North America shall be assigned to a
199.	geographic region by the Board of Directors after consultation with
200.	the chapter. A chapter having special ties to a chapter in another
201.	region may ask to be reassigned, and the Board of Directors shall act
202.	on such requests. Once each decade the Board of Directors shall
203.	evaluate the distribution of members and chapters within the
204.	geographic regions and make appropriate changes to geographic
205.	boundaries.
206.	F. Constituency Groups. Chapters located in the United States and
207.	its territories are assigned by the Board of Directors to one of four
208.	constituency groups of chapters from similar institutions. Chapters
209.	located outside of the United States and its territories are assigned to
210.	the Canadian/International constituency group. A chapter may ask to
211.	be reassigned to a different constituency group, and the Board of
212.	Directors shall act on such requests.
213.	Section 2. The Assembly of Delegates. A. Duties of the
214.	Assembly. The Assembly of Delegates shall meet annually in
215.	General Session at which time the delegates shall consider and act
216.	upon business. Elections of officers will be carried out as described
217.	in Bylaw III 3. Elections of Directors, Associate Directors, and
218.	members of the Committee on Nominations will be carried out as
219.	described in Bylaw III 4. While in-person meetings are preferred,
220.	such Assemblies may be convened by any means that provide for
221.	discussion as needed to complete the business of the Assembly,
222.	including electronic.
223.	B. Caucuses. In addition to the General Sessions of the Assembly
224.	of Delegates attended by all delegates, the Annual Meeting shall
225.	provide time for caucuses of each geographic region and
226.	constituency group at which time the delegates may meet and
227.	conduct such discussions and business, including the election of a
228.	Director, a member of the Committee on Nominations, and members
229.	of the region or group nominating committees, as may be required.
230.	The appropriate Director shall preside over each caucus. Directors
231.	prepare agendas of matters to be discussed, which shall include
232.	matters of interest to science and to the Society as a whole, as well as
233.	matters specific to the interest of the geographic region or
234.	constituency group. The Director may act as spokesperson for the
235.	geographic region or constituency group at General Sessions of the
236.	Assembly of Delegates. In years when the Assembly is not held in
237.	person, caucuses may be held by any means that provide for
238.	discussion as needed to complete the business of the caucus.
239.	C. (reserved)
240.	D. (reserved)
241.	E. (reserved)
242.	F. Agenda of the General Session of the Assembly of Delegates.
243.	(i) Order of Business. The Preliminary Agenda of the General
244.	Session of an Assembly of Delegates shall set forth the order of
245.	business proposed by the President. The Preliminary Agenda may be
246.	amended at the opening of the First Session of said Assembly, and
247.	shall be adopted by a majority vote of the Assembly of Delegates.
248.	(ii) Change in the Order of Business. The regular order of
249.	business, having been adopted, may be suspended or modified by a
250.	three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly of Delegates.
251.	(iii) Rules of Order. Meetings of the Assembly of Delegates shall
252.	be conducted in accordance with the current edition of Robert's
253.	Rules of Order Newly Revised, except when in conflict with the
254.	Constitution or Bylaws, in which case the Constitution or Bylaws
255.	shall prevail. The President shall serve as the presiding officer of the
256.	Assembly, and the Executive Director as its secretary. The presiding
257.	officer may limit debate for the purpose of maintaining the time
258.	schedule of the Assembly.
259.	(iv) Limitations on Resolutions. (a) No resolution, except those
260.	reported by official committees or those hereinafter defined, will be
261.	in order for consideration by an Assembly of Delegates unless
262.	having been presented first to the Committee designated by the
263.	Board. All proposed resolutions of a substantive nature, including
264.	motions, to be eligible for passage at an Assembly of Delegates, must
265.	have been submitted 150 days prior to the convening of that
266.	Assembly of Delegates and circulated to the chapters 60 days in
267.	advance of the meeting. The Executive Director shall inform the
268.	chapters of the final date for submission of proposed resolutions, and
269.	invite the chapters to make their submissions through the Executive
270.	Director. (b) Motions and resolutions of a substantive nature offered
271.	by the Board of Directors, or motions and resolutions merely
272.	expressing the sense of the Assembly, such as commemorative
273.	resolutions, are exempt from this provision. (c) Proposals
274.	concerning resolutions of a substantive nature may be considered by
275.	the Assembly of Delegates for inclusion on the agenda of the next
276.	Assembly of Delegates, and a majority vote of the current Assembly
277.	of Delegates on such a proposal shall require that it be placed on the
278.	agenda of the next Assembly.
279.	(v) Policy on Resolutions. The Committee designated by the Board
280.	will have responsibility to set policy regarding the handling of
281.	resolutions as submitted by chapters. Changes in policy will be
282.	communicated to the chapters for a comment period of not less than
283.	30 days. After the comment period the changes may be revised for
284.	a new comment period. Should fifteen (15) or more chapters object to
285.	a policy change in writing and objections cannot be resolved in a
286.	new comment period, the policy change will be held in abeyance
287.	until the next Assembly of Delegates where it will be presented for
288.	vote. Otherwise the policy change will be implemented upon the
289.	close of the comment period.
290.	Section 3. Officers of the Society. A. Officers The officers of the
291.	Society consist of the President, Past-President, President-Elect, and
292.	the Treasurer. The Executive Director serving as Executive
293.	Secretary is also an Officer of the Society but without vote.
294.	B. Election of Officers. (i) Nomination by the Committee on
295.	Nominations. The Committee on Nominations shall present to the
296.	chapters through the Executive Director, at least 60 days prior to the
297.	convening of the Assembly of Delegates, a report which shall
298.	provide: (a) at least two nominees for President-elect; (b) at least
299.	two nominees for Treasurer, when required; together with (c) the
300.	normal biographical information such as would be available in
301.	standard publications and, in addition, data on past service to the
302.	Society together with the assurance that the nominee will serve if
303.	elected. To assist the Committee in its selection of nominees for
304.	Treasurer, the President, in consultation with the President-elect and
305.	the Chair of the Committee, shall appoint a search committee of not
306.	less than three and not more than five persons, none of whom may be
307.	an officer of the Society and not more than two of whom may be
308.	members of the Committee on Nominations. The search committee
309.	shall be appointed not less than three months before the Committee
310.	on Nominations meets to determine its nominees for Treasurer.
311.	(ii) Additional Nominations. Additional nominations for
312.	President-elect and for Treasurer may be made provided each
313.	nominee is supported by at least three chapters and further provided
314.	that the chapters have been furnished by the proposers through the
315.	Executive Director at least 21 days prior to the convening of the
316.	Assembly of Delegates with the name of the nominee and the
317.	additional information required in (i) above.
318.	C. (reserved)
319.	D. Vacancies. (i) In One Office. In the case of a vacancy in the
320.	office of President, the President-elect shall assume the office and
321.	the duties of the President they succeed and also serve the full
322.	presidential term of one year for which they were elected. In the case
323.	of a vacancy in the office of President-elect, the most recently retired
324.	president shall assume the duties, but not the office, until the next
325.	Assembly of Delegates, at which time both a President and a
326.	President-elect shall be elected. The newly elected President shall,
327.	in the interim between election by the Assembly of Delegates and the
328.	beginning of the elected term, serve as the President-elect. In the
329.	case of a vacancy in the office of Immediate Past President, the most
330.	recently retired President available shall assume the duties, but not
331.	the office, for the remainder of the term. In the case of a vacancy in
332.	the office of Treasurer, the Executive Committee shall nominate and
333.	the Board of Directors shall approve a Treasurer to serve until the
334.	next Assembly of Delegates, at which time a successor shall be
335.	elected for the unexpired balance of the term of office.
336.	(ii) President and President-elect. Both Vacant. If the offices of
337.	both President and President-elect are simultaneously vacant, the
338.	Immediate Past President, or the Executive Director or Treasurer,
339.	shall convene the Board of Directors, which shall have the authority
340.	to fill the office of President and to appoint an individual to assume
341.	the duties, but not the office, of President-elect until the next
342.	Assembly of Delegates, at which time both a President and a
343.	President-elect shall be elected. Those individuals elected shall
344.	immediately assume office completing the unexpired terms of their
345.	predecessors prior to serving the terms for which they were elected.
346.	Section 4. Board of Directors. A. Membership. The Board of
347.	Directors shall consist of the President, the President-elect, the
348.	Immediate Past President, the Treasurer, the Executive Director
349.	(without vote), a Director elected for each geographic region by the
350.	chapters in the region, a Director elected for each constituency group
351.	by the chapters in the group, and a Director elected by the
352.	membership-at-large. No Director may occupy more than one seat
353.	on the Board of Directors.
354.	B. Election of Directors, Associate Directors, and members of
355.	the Committee on Nominations for Geographic Regions and for
356.	Constituencies. (i) Nomination and Voting. At the Annual
357.	Meeting one year prior to electing a Director, Associate Director, or
358.	member of the Committee on Nominations for a particular region or
359.	constituency, the caucus of each geographic region or constituency
360.	shall appoint a Nominating Committee. The Director shall be an ex
361.	officio member of the Nominating Committee. The Nominating
362.	Committee shall report to the chapters of its region or constituency,
363.	through the Executive Director, at least 60 days prior to the
364.	convening of the caucus , a slate of nominees from the region or
365.	constituency for each position up for election, together with the
366.	normal biographical data, information on the nominee's past service
367.	to the Society and the assurance that the nominee will serve if
368.	elected. Voting in the caucus shall be by ballot, and each
369.	chapter represented by a delegate at the caucus shall have one vote.
370.	The nominee receiving the largest number of votes shall be declared
371.	elected, except that if two, or more, nominees are tied for the largest
372.	number of votes, they shall enter a run-off election. A Director shall
373.	be limited to two full successive terms of office, but may be
374.	nominated again for a term commencing at least three years after
375.	termination of the previous term. The Associate Director shall assist
376.	the Director and, at the request of the Director, may attend in a non-
377.	voting capacity a meeting of the Board of Directors in place of the
378.	Director. The rotation of elections shall be set by the Board of
379.	Directors, in compliance with Bylaw III.
380.	(ii) Vacancies. In the event of a vacancy in the office of Director,
381.	that vacancy shall be filled by the Associate Director. If there is no
382.	Associate Director, the Executive Committee shall nominate and the
383.	Board of Directors shall approve a Director to serve until the next
384.	Annual Meeting at which time a special election shall be held by the
385.	affected geographic region or constituency to fill the unexpired term,
386.	following the regular procedures. If a Director of a region or a
387.	constituency becomes a member of a different region or
388.	constituency, the Director may, with the concurrence of the chapters
389.	in the original region or constituency, continue to serve as a Director
390.	until the expiration of the Director's term. Concurrence of the region
391.	or constituency will be determined by ballot, which may be
392.	electronic. A quorum will be considered as 50% plus one of the
393.	chapters in that region or constituency. A 50% plus one or more
394.	approval will be required.
395.	(iii) Notification. The name of the newly elected Director (if any),
396.	the members of the Committee on Nominations (if any), and the
397.	members of the Geographic Region or Constituency Nominating
398.	Committees shall be reported to the Executive Director by the
399.	presiding officer of each caucus.
400.	(iv) Duties. The Director for a geographic region or constituency, in
401.	addition to the duties stated in the Constitution and in other sections
402.	of the Bylaws, shall work with, give advice to, and contribute to the
403.	health of chapters within the region or the constituency.
404.	D. Election of the Director for the Membership-at-Large. (i)
405.	Nominations and Voting. At least one year before the election of a
406.	Director by the membership-at-large, the membership-at-large shall
407.	elect a Nominating Committee consisting of 5 members-at-large.
408.	The Nominating Committee shall present to the membership-at-large
409.	through the Executive Director at least 60 days prior to the voting for
410.	Director, a report which will provide at least three nominees from the
411.	membership-at-large together with the normal biographical
412.	information, data on the nominee's past service to the Society and
413.	assurance that the nominee will serve if elected. The Executive
414.	Director shall advise the membership-at-large of the nominees for
415.	Director, and their biographical information, and provide the
416.	opportunity for each member-at-large to cast a ballot to elect the
417.	Director within a 60 day period. The nominee receiving the largest
418.	number of votes shall be declared elected. A Director shall be limited
419.	to two full successive terms of office but may be nominated again for
420.	a term commencing at least three years after termination of the
421.	Director's previous term. The Board of Directors is empowered to
422.	detail further procedures for the election of the Nominating
423.	Committee and the Director.
424.	(ii) Vacancies. In the event of a vacancy in the office of Director
425.	from the membership-at-large, the Executive Committee shall
426.	nominate and the Board of Directors shall approve a Director to
427.	complete the unexpired term.
428.	(iii) Notification. The name of the newly elected Director and the
429.	members of the Nominating Committee shall be reported to the
430.	membership-at-large by the Executive Director.
431.	(iv) Delegates. The Director from the membership-at-large, and two
432.	members-at-large, appointed by the President on recommendation of
433.	the Director, shall be accredited as delegates from the membership-
434.	at-large at each Assembly of Delegates.
435.	E. Quorum of the Board of Directors. Eleven of the Directors
436.	Officers with vote shall constitute a quorum of the Board of
437.	Directors.
438.	F. Terms of Regional and Constituency Group Elected
439.	Positions. From time to time unanticipated events may require the
440.	alteration of the normal three year terms of office for Directors,
441.	Associate Directors, and members of the Committee on
442.	Nominations. The Board of Directors will make such adjustments
443.	to terms prior to the election for the affected term and announce
444.	such changes along with the announcement of the nominees as
445.	described in Bylaw III 4 B.
446.	Section 5. The Executive Committee. A. Membership. (i) the
447.	Executive Committee shall consist of the President, Past-President,
448.	President-Elect, Treasurer, and two Directors selected as described in
449.	(i). The Executive Director shall also be a member, without vote.
450.	(i) Selection of Members. The Board of Directors shall, at a
451.	meeting held prior to 1 July of each year, designate in even-
452.	numbered years a Director elected by a constituency group and in
453.	odd-numbered years a Director elected by a geographic region to
454.	serve on the Executive Committee for the ensuing two years. In
455.	selecting the Director to serve, consideration shall be given to the
456.	availability of the individual to serve for two years and to attend
457.	meetings.
458.	(ii) Selection of Alternates. If, in connection with the call of a
459.	meeting of the Executive Committee, it shall be determined that an
460.	officer or designated member will be unable to attend the meeting, it
461.	shall be the option of that individual to select, from among the other
462.	members of the Board of Directors, an alternate to attend in a non-
463.	voting capacity in the member's place.
464.	B. Duties and Limitations. The Executive Committee of the
465.	Board of Directors shall have the following specific duties, subject,
466.	however, to the conditions, limitations and requirements set forth
467.	below.
468.	(i) Responsibilities. The Executive Committee shall have the
469.	responsibility to act for the Board of Directors between meetings
470.	with respect to matters not excluded in subsection (vii) below: (a)
471.	when action is required and the exigencies of the situation will not
472.	permit a delay until the next meeting of the Board of Directors or
473.	until a ballot can be taken; or (b) when the degree of confidentiality
474.	is so great as to require consideration by a smaller group; or (c)
475.	when the Executive Director requires an advise-and-consent service. The
476.	Executive Committee shall also have the responsibility to assist the
477.	Board of Directors by (a) giving preliminary consideration to matters
478.	where an appropriate committee does not exist or when time does not
479.	allow referral to the appropriate committee, (b) meeting shortly
480.	before each meeting of the Board of Directors to aid in assisting the
481.	Board of Directors in achieving informed decisions in a short period
482.	of time, and (c) taking action on specific matters as requested by the
483.	Board of Directors.
484.	(ii) Limitations. The Executive Committee shall not have the
485.	power to: (a) elect or remove officers, except to recommend removal
486.	of the Executive Director; (b) act in contravention of policies
487.	established by the Board of Directors; (c) authorize the sale or other
488.	disposition of all or any substantial portion of the assets of the
489.	Society; (d) act for the Board of Directors in granting and revoking
490.	charters for chapters or (e) create and authorize new policy.
491.	(iii) Record of Actions. A record shall be kept of the formal actions
492.	of the Executive Committee, and a report thereon shall be made to
493.	the next meeting of the Board of Directors.
494.	(vii) Quorum. Five members shall constitute a quorum of the
495.	Executive Committee.
496.	Section 6. Committees of the Society. Unless otherwise specified
497.	in the Bylaws or in a resolution of the Board of Directors, the
498.	membership of Committees of the Society will be by appointment by
499.	the President, with the advice and consent of the President-elect,
500.	upon recommendation of the Committee Chair. The President and
501.	the President-elect shall be members, ex officio, and with the vote, of
502.	all committees except the Committees on Audit Review and
503.	Nominations. A Chair of a committee other than the Committee on
504.	Nominations, may also invite other individuals, as resource persons
505.	without vote, if in consultation with the Executive Director such
506.	participation is deemed necessary for the discharge of the
507.	Committee's mandate.
508.	A. Committee on Finances. (a) Membership of the Committee.
509.	The Committee on Finances shall consist of the Treasurer as Chair,
510.	together with the President, the President-elect and the Executive
511.	Director, ex officiis, and six members, three of whom shall not be
512.	Directors, nominated by the Treasurer and approved by the Board of
513.	Directors for three-year staggered terms. An elected member of the
514.	Committee shall be limited to two full successive terms but may be
515.	nominated again for a term commencing at least three years after
516.	termination of the previous term. (b) Duties. It shall be the duty of
517.	this Committee to advise the Board of Directors of the Society and of
518.	the Corporation regarding the raising and acquisition of capital
519.	funds; the investment of its endowments, funds and reserves; and the
520.	annual budgets for research, operations and capital equipment,
521.	including the physical plant, debits/net assets, and
522.	expenditure/income patterns. It shall review and modify the
523.	Executive Director's annual budget for the consideration of the
524.	Board of Directors, and a copy of the annual budget will be furnished
525.	to each chapter at least 60 days prior to the Assembly of Delegates.
526.	B. Committee on Audit Review. The Committee on Audit
527.	Review shall consist of three members appointed by the Board of
528.	Directors at the Annual Meeting of the Board of Directors of the
529.	Corporation to serve between Annual Assemblies of Delegates for
530.	three-year staggered terms. Current officers or Directors are not
531.	eligible to serve on the Committee on Audit Review. The senior
532.	member shall serve as Chair. It shall be the duty of this committee
533.	to: (a) discuss with the auditors the scope and results of their
534.	examinations, (b) establish and maintain an open line of
535.	communication between the Board of Directors and the auditors, (c)
536.	assure itself that the accounting procedures and financial controls of
537.	the Society and of the Corporation adequately safeguard the assets of
538.	the Society and of the Corporation and ensure the reliability of its
539.	financial records and (d) ascertain that the official auditors do
540.	contribute to Sigma Xi any and all of the affirmative comments and
541.	suggestions which can be helpful in improving the overall operations
542.	of the Society.
543.	C. Committee on Nominations. (a) The Committee on
544.	Nominations shall consist of one member elected by each geographic
545.	region, one member elected by each constituency group, one member
546.	elected by the membership-at-large, and the three most recently
547.	retired and available presidents of the Society. The Chair shall be
548.	selected by the Committee from among its membership, but shall
549.	not be drawn from the retired presidents. No Director may serve on the
550.	Committee. The elected members of the Committee shall be elected
551.	to three-year rotating terms. An elected member of the Committee
552.	shall be limited to one three year term but may nominated again be
553.	for a term commencing at least three years after termination of the
554.	previous term. It shall be the duty of this Committee to present
555.	nominations to the Assembly of Delegates the officers to be for
556.	elected as required by Bylaw III, Section 3 B (i), which nominations
557.	may not include individuals currently serving on the Committee. All
558.	nominations by this Committee shall reach Executive Director in the
559.	sufficient time to be included in the call of the Assembly of
560.	Delegates as required in Article III, Section 2 B of the Constitution.
561.	Procedures of this Committee shall conform to those established by
562.	the Executive Committee, and copies thereof shall be furnished to
563.	each member of the Committee immediately after election or
564.	designation. The term of this Committee shall commence upon the
565.	adjournment of the Assembly of Delegates and terminate upon the
566.	adjournment of the succeeding Assembly of Delegates.
567.	D. Other Committees of the Society. Committees for the
568.	operations and activities of the Society may be established and
569.	disestablished by the Board of Directors from time to time. The
570.	Board of Directors shall define the duties and responsibilities of a
571.	committee, the number of members to serve on the committee, and
572.	the duration of the committee.
573.	E. Terms of Chairs and Members of Committees. Terms of
574.	chairs and members of all committees of the Society, unless provided
575.	for in a specific Bylaw or Board Resolution, shall be for three-year
576.	periods.
577.	F. Reports of Committees. Reports and recommendations of
578.	committees made to the Board of Directors of the Society shall also
579.	be considered made to the Board of Directors of the Corporation
580.	whenever and wherever deemed necessary.
581.	Section 7. Meetings. A. Notice. Notice shall be interpreted to be:
582.	(a) 15 days for meetings of the Board of Directors, and (b) five days
583.	for meetings of the Executive Committee and any committee of the
584.	Society.
585.	B. Manner of Giving Notice. Notice shall be given by mail,
586.	telephone, telegraph, electronically or personally. Meetings may be
587.	held by any means, including electronic means, which allows for
588.	discussion necessary to carry out business as is permitted by law.
589.	Notice may be waived either before or after a meeting by any person
590.	entitled thereto.
591.	Section 8. Meetings of Substantial Importance or Emergency.
592.	Meetings of the Sigma Xi Board of Directors may be held by
593.	telephone conference or other appropriate means, as is permitted by
594.	law, with such notice as the officer calling the meeting deems
595.	appropriate. An electronic poll is acceptable to request Board
596.	approval regarding urgent issues requiring a timely response or
597.	action.
598.	Section 9. The Executive Director. The Executive Director shall
599.	be the custodian of the Seal of the Society and of the Archives of the
600.	Society, and shall plan and direct the affairs of the Society in
601.	accordance with the input of the Executive Committee subject to the
602.	consent and policies established by the Board of Directors. Unless
603.	the Board of Directors shall make other arrangements, the Executive
604.	Director shall serve as the publisher of the publications of the
605.	Society.
606.	Section 10. (reserved)
607.	BYLAW IV. Dues and Expenses of the Society
608.	Section 1. Dues and Fees. A. Annual Dues. (i) How Set. Dues
609.	for the active membership, except for Life Members, shall be set
610.	annually by a plurality vote of the Assembly of Delegates upon the
611.	recommendation of the Board of Directors at a rate consonant with
612.	the policies relative to dues and financial administration set by the
613.	Assembly of Delegates.
614.	(ii) Reduced Dues. Members and Associate Members who are
615.	eligible may request one or other of the following reductions, but not
616.	both. (a) Same household. In cases where two members of the same
617.	household are active in the Society and only one copy of American
618.	Scientist is requested, a reduction equal to one-half of the annual
619.	dues of that member not receiving copies of American Scientist is
620.	made in the combined annual dues, provided that both renewal
621.	notices are paid and returned together. (b) Full-time students.
622.	Members or Associate Members who are full-time degree-seeking
623.	students at an institution of higher education may request reduced
624.	dues as established according to Bylaw IV 1 A (i).
625.	(iii) Emeritus Members. The annual dues of each emeritus
626.	member shall be equal to one-half of the current dues for the active
627.	membership established according to Bylaw IV 1 A (i), and it may
628.	be paid either by the individual or by the chapter with which the
629.	member is affiliated on the member's behalf.
630.	B. Life Membership Fee. The amount of the fee for life
631.	membership shall be set from time to time by a plurality vote of the
632.	Assembly of Delegates upon recommendation of the Board of Directors.
633.	C. Initial and Promotion Fees. (i) How Set. The amount of the
634.	initial fee for newly elected members, and the amount of the
635.	promotion fee for promotion to full membership, shall be
636.	recommended by the Board of Directors and approved by a plurality
637.	vote of the Assembly of Delegates. Initiates, and Associate
638.	Members seeking promotion who are not active, shall also be
639.	required to pay one year's annual dues as a condition of election or
640.	promotion.
641.	(ii) Reduction of Initial Fees. Any chapter may elect to reduce the
642.	initial fees by an amount equal to the local support allocation with
643.	the provision that no local support for that individual will be paid to
644.	the chapter with which that initiate is active during the first fiscal
645.	year following election. Any chapter electing to have reduced initial
646.	fees must do so for all such fees in that fiscal year.
647.	D. Assessments. If and when necessary for capital expenses, an
648.	assessment may be levied on all active members in such amount and
649.	payable on such terms as may be recommended by the Board of
650.	Directors and authorized by a plurality vote of the Assembly of
651.	Delegates.
652.	E. Local Chapter Dues. Local chapter dues, if assessed, shall be
653.	set in an amount and by procedures provided for in the bylaws of the
654.	chapter. The chapter shall have the option of collecting them directly
655.	or requesting the Treasurer of the Society to collect them.
656.	Section 2. Expenses. A. Proper Expenses. The proper expenses
657.	of the Society shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
658.	operations of the Headquarters of the Society; publication of
659.	American Scientist; the Lectureships Program; Grants-in-Aid of
660.	Research; authorized travel expenses of the staff, officers, members
661.	of the Board of Directors and members of committees in accordance
662.	with regulations approved by the Board of Directors; subvention of
663.	travel for delegates attending an Assembly of Delegates in
664.	accordance with regulations approved by the Assembly of Delegates
665.	and local support allocations.
666.	B. Local Support. The sum allocated from annual dues by a
667.	plurality vote of the Assembly of Delegates for local support of the
668.	chapters shall be forwarded by the Executive Director to the
669.	treasurers of the chapters, except that local support shall be withheld
670.	from any chapter not currently in good standing as defined in Bylaw
671.	III, Section 1 B.
672.	BYLAW V. Seal and Insignia of the Society
673.	Section 1. The Seal of the Society. The Seal of the Society shall
674.	show a wreath of laurel, typifying the honorary character of
675.	membership in the Society, arranged as an oval and enclosing the
676.	words "Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society" at the top, and
677.	the motto, in Greek, at the bottom. These words shall form an inner
678.	oval, concentric with the first, punctuated with ten stars, and
679.	enclosing a field illuminated by a Grecian lamp to represent the
680.	Lamp of Research. Above the lamp, in the field of illumination,
681.	shall be placed the monogram of the Society and the date, 1886,
682.	when it was founded.
683.	Section 2. Official Insignia. The official insignia shall be:
684.	A. The Key. A gold watch-chain pendant, charm or pin consisting
685.	of a four-piece monogram style of insignia in the shape of a key
686.	described as follows: the base is a large, brightly polished Greek
687.	letter X (Xi) scrolled out to shape and superimposed thereon a Greek
688.	letter S (Sigma). Affixed to the top of the base letter is a decorative
689.	post and ring, and at the base, a standard decorative key end. On the
690.	reverse side of the key may be engraved the name of the chapter in
691.	which the Member or Associate Member was initiated together with
692.	the date of initiation and initiate's name.
693.	B. The Ring. A gold insignia ring bearing the monogram of the
694.	Society together with a wreath of laurel, appropriately mounted.
695.	Section 3. Procurement. The various insignia shall be obtained
696.	only through the Office of the Executive Director, who shall arrange
697.	to have authorized orders filled by an official jeweler, the latter
698.	appointed by the Executive Director with the approval of the Board
699.	of Directors.
700.	Section 4. Colors. The colors of the Society shall be electric blue
701.	and white.
702.	Section 5. Stationery. The official stationery of the Society shall
703.	bear the monogram described in Article V of the Constitution.